Ideal planning of power grid integrating various small-scale power generating with biogeography-based optimisation

Gasoline cars are being replaced by electric vehicles (EVs), which add to the strain on the power grid due to their charging needs. Uncontrolled EVs can disrupt the grid; therefore, reliable planning is necessary. Increased distributed generation (DG) resources, especially renewable energy, may disrupt the electrical system. Effective mitigation requires demand-side planning and wise utilisation of emerging technologies, including energy storage. This study recommends optimising EV and DG charging and discharging schedules to fulfil regulated planning needs. Power company schedules depend on parking lot traffic to meet grid goals. The primary objectives are to maximise vehicle holders' and companies' earnings, minimise losses, and reduce parking lot travel time. Investigating critical load sensitivity improves charge and discharge control. The proposed approach utilises a hybrid biogeographic harmony search (BHS). BHS models island species movement, speciation, and extinction using biogeographical mathematics. A sample test system illustrates the method and concept in various settings. Optimal distribution resource management increases network profitability by 8.4% and dependability by 6.63% in outage indices. This holistic strategy highlights flexible models facing greater EV integration and DG resource usage, with numerical figures demonstrating over an 8% network performance gain.