Green innovation: hydrogen as renewable energy carrier globally and in Latin America

Renewable hydrogen is emerging as a pivotal green innovation in the global effort to mitigate the greenhouse effect. This bibliometric study examines the impact of academic research on biomass-based and green hydrogen, assessing contributions from leading countries and organisations at both global and Latin American scales. The results reveal that scientific output in the world's foremost nations is strongly shaped by comprehensive policy frameworks, with public-private collaboration playing a decisive role. Our analysis identifies institutions in China and the USA as global leaders; however, the evidence also highlights that China's research productivity, network connectivity, and the prominence of its universities are central to sustaining the position of the world's most prolific organisation in this field. Within Latin America, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico stand out as regional leaders, though their rankings shift depending on whether the data are evaluated in absolute or relative terms.