The impact of non-green forces on net present value and green net present value: a study on three agricultural crops

This study examines how environmental variables influence net present value (NPV) and green net present value (GNPV) in agricultural production. Using data from 201 family farms growing potatoes, corn, and paddy, it explores the effects of non-green factors through regression models and mediating effects. Results show that costs associated with fertilisers, pesticides, air pollution, and water pollution significantly impact the NPV and GNPV of corn and paddy production, whereas potato production remains unaffected. Fertiliser costs influence the NPV of corn, while pesticide costs mediate the NPV of paddy and potato cultivation. The findings emphasise that environmental costs, though intangible, significantly affect financial performance and ecological sustainability. The study urges policymakers, government officials, and farmers to adopt sustainable alternatives that balance environmental conservation with improved agricultural revenues and productivity. It underscores the need to account for environmental costs in financial decision-making for long-term sustainability.