Strategies for smart port development based on an ISM-MICMAC approach

The concept of smart ports has rapidly evolved in recent years, driven by both theoretical advancements and practical applications. This research aims to identify both macro-level and practical strategies for smart ports by clarifying the influential factors and their interactions. Using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and matrices impacts cross-multiplication appliance classmen (MICMAC), the study establishes the hierarchical relationships among key factors identified through a systematic bibliometric review. The analysis reveals that intelligent infrastructure and free trade zone (FTZ) policy have the most significant foundational impact, driving the development of upper-level factors such as decision-making platforms. These influences eventually manifest in the practical implementation of systems like terminal operating systems, equipment management, and energy consumption management. Based on the findings, this paper proposes macro-level strategies emphasising financial stability, resource management, and comprehensive support frameworks, alongside practical strategies targeting economic development, intelligent technology, data integration and collaboration. [Submitted: 27 October 2024; Accepted: 24 February 2025]