Designing the agile green sustainable multi-channel closed-loop supply chain with dependent demand to price and greenness under epistemic uncertainty

The increasing pressure and intensity of world competition in business environments, which is ever-changing, has doubled the necessity of proper reactions by industrial manufacturing organisations and companies. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel design of a closed-loop supply chain with multiple forms of product distribution and collection that aim to maximise profit and social responsibility while minimising delays in delivery and environmental pollution. The proposed model uses two indices, local employment and the number of jobs created, to show the performance of the function of social responsibility. Further, by mentioning pricing and greenness levels for the products in the paper, we formulate customer demands dependent on the price and greenness of the products. Also, RFID technology is considered for every vehicle to reduce time lags during transportation. Besides, the modelling is performed according to a possibilistic mean-absolute deviation approach due to the uncertain nature of some parameters. Eventually, the augmented ε-constraint method is utilised to solve and its validation. The results revealed that the proposed model could provide efficient decisions that can be a suitable tool for managers and experts, and it can have extensive application, particularly from a strategic perspective. [Received: 9 October 2022; Accepted: 6 April 2023]