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The Facial Affective Scale as a Predictor for Pain Unpleasantness When Children Undergo Immunizations

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  • Stefan Nilsson
  • Berit Finnström
  • Evalotte Mörelius
  • Maria Forsner

Abstract

Needle fear is a common problem in children undergoing immunization. To ensure that the individual child’s needs are met during a painful procedure it would be beneficial to be able to predict whether there is a need for extra support. The self-reporting instrument facial affective scale (FAS) could have potential for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the FAS can predict pain unpleasantness in girls undergoing immunization. Girls, aged 11-12 years, reported their expected pain unpleasantness on the FAS at least two weeks before and then experienced pain unpleasantness immediately before each vaccination. The experienced pain unpleasantness during the vaccination was also reported immediately after each immunization. The level of anxiety was similarly assessed during each vaccination and supplemented with stress measures in relation to the procedure in order to assess and evaluate concurrent validity. The results show that the FAS is valid to predict pain unpleasantness in 11-12-year-old girls who undergo immunizations and that it has the potential to be a feasible instrument to identify children who are in need of extra support to cope with immunization. In conclusion, the FAS measurement can facilitate caring interventions.

Suggested Citation

  • Stefan Nilsson & Berit Finnström & Evalotte Mörelius & Maria Forsner, 2014. "The Facial Affective Scale as a Predictor for Pain Unpleasantness When Children Undergo Immunizations," Nursing Research and Practice, Hindawi, vol. 2014, pages 1-7, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:hin:jnlnrp:628198
    DOI: 10.1155/2014/628198
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stefan Nilsson & Margret Buchholz & Gunilla Thunberg, 2012. "Assessing Children's Anxiety Using the Modified Short State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Talking Mats: A Pilot Study," Nursing Research and Practice, Hindawi, vol. 2012, pages 1-7, September.
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