A Comprehensive Cloud Model for Evaluating the Ecological Security Perfection of Shaft Coal Mines Based on DPSIR: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China

Excessive extraction of subterranean coal reserves has led to severe secondary calamities and significant ramifications on the topography and ecological equilibrium of mining regions. China’s current mining development evaluation index system, based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, fails to fully capture the resource-environment relationship, and indicator uncertainty undermines evaluation accuracy. Aiming at the potential impact of the uncertainty of the system operating state on the evaluation results, a comprehensive evaluation model integrating variable weight cloud model is proposed. Initially, a comprehensive evaluation index system was established, grounded in the ‘Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response’ (DPSIR) framework, taking into account both the positive and negative impacts on the ecological safety environment of underground coal mines. Secondly, to accurately capture the uncertainty of the system operation state in the evaluation process, the variable weight cloud model is introduced, and the random characteristics of the index cloud correlation degree are used to match it. Utilizing both the network analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the coefficient of variation approach, the weight of each index is obtained, and the comprehensive evaluation level is obtained. Finally, taking Shaanxi province and its eight coal-production prefecture-level cities as an example, the model serves to assess ecological security risks and ascertain their respective levels, and the time, space, dimension distribution characteristics, and influencing factors are analyzed. The findings indicate that the DPSIR-based combined weighting method incorporates both subjective and objective elements, and there is no weight deviation. The cloud model realizes qualitative and quantitative conversion, which proves that the evaluation method of the ecological security perfection degree of underground coal mine based on the variable weight cloud model established in this study is reasonable and feasible. It offers foundational theoretical backing for advancing coal mine safety measures.