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Aging-in-Place Attachment Among Older Adults in Macau’s High-Density Community Spaces: A Multi-Dimensional Empirical Study

Author

Listed:
  • Hongzhan Lai

    (Department of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China)

  • Stephen Siu Yu Lau

    (Department of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
    Department of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China)

  • Yuan Su

    (School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China)

  • Chen-Yi Sun

    (Department of Land Economics, National Chengchi University, Taipei 11605, Taiwan)

Abstract

This study explores key factors influencing Aging-in-Place Attachment (AiPA) among older adults in Macau’s high-density community spaces, emphasizing interactions between the built environment, behavior, and psychology. A multidimensional framework evaluates environmental, behavioral, human-factor, and psychological contributions. A mixed-methods, multisource approach was employed. This study measured spatial characteristics of nine public spaces, conducted systematic behavioral observations, and collected questionnaire data on place attachment and aging intentions. Eye-tracking and galvanic skin response (GSR) captured visual attention and emotional arousal. Hierarchical regression analysis tested the explanatory power of each variable group, supplemented by semi-structured interviews for qualitative depth. The results showed that the physical environment had a limited direct impact but served as a critical foundation. Behavioral variables increased explanatory power (~15%), emphasizing community engagement. Human-factor data added ~4%, indicating that sensory and habitual interactions strengthen bonds. Psychological factors contributed most (~59%), confirming AiPA as a multidimensional construct shaped primarily by emotional and social connections, supported by physical and behavioral contexts. In Macau’s dense urban context, older adults’ desire to age in place is mainly driven by emotional connection and social participation, with spatial design serving as an enabler. Effective age-friendly strategies must extend beyond infrastructure upgrades to cultivate belonging and interaction. This study advances environmental gerontology and architecture theory by explaining the mechanisms of attachment in later life. Future work should explore how physical spaces foster psychological well-being and examine emerging factors such as digital and intergenerational engagement.

Suggested Citation

  • Hongzhan Lai & Stephen Siu Yu Lau & Yuan Su & Chen-Yi Sun, 2025. "Aging-in-Place Attachment Among Older Adults in Macau’s High-Density Community Spaces: A Multi-Dimensional Empirical Study," World, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-28, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jworld:v:6:y:2025:i:3:p:101-:d:1704169
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shan Lu & Wonseok Oh & Ryozo Ooka & Lijun Wang, 2022. "Effects of Environmental Features in Small Public Urban Green Spaces on Older Adults’ Mental Restoration: Evidence from Tokyo," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-22, April.
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