Comparative Environmental and Social Life Cycle Assessment of Mulching Films

Sustainable agriculture requires careful evaluation of crop production materials, such as conventional mulching films, which improve yields and water efficiency but raise concerns related to waste, emissions, and supply chains. Assessing sustainable alternatives is therefore essential. This study compares the environmental life cycle impacts (LCA) and social impacts (S-LCA) of three agricultural mulching films: PLA-based, PBAT-based, and conventional LDPE film. The environmental assessment reflects conditions relevant to Lithuania, while the social assessment considers production contexts in Lithuania, Poland, and China. Results show that the highest environmental impacts occur during plastic granulate production, with PBAT generating 7.3 kg CO 2 eq , compared to 1.9 kg CO 2 eq for LDPE and 1.8 kg CO 2 eq for PLA (IPCC 100a method). Social risk analysis indicates that the main risks are associated with petroleum-based materials and, in the case of PLA, corn cultivation. PBAT-based films show the highest overall environmental impact; however, their ability to degrade in soil reduces the need for collection and transport. In contrast, LDPE films require removal and waste management but may offer more favorable outcomes when managed efficiently. Overall, while bioplastics involve diverse raw materials and energy-intensive production, conventional plastics may still provide lower environmental impacts under certain conditions.