Artificial Intelligence and Leadership in Organizations: A PRISMA Systematic Review of Challenges, Risks, and Governance Dynamics

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in organizational processes, questions about its implications for leadership have gained growing relevance. However, the existing literature remains fragmented, often addressing strategy, leadership capabilities, governance structures, or ethical concerns in isolation, without explaining how these dimensions interact to shape leadership effectiveness in AI-driven environments. This study conducts a PRISMA-guided systematic review of 33 peer-reviewed articles to examine how AI-embedded leadership is conceptualized across contexts. By synthesizing findings across strategic, human, and governance domains, the analysis identifies recurring patterns and structural relationships in the literature. The results indicate that effective leadership in AI-intensive settings is not determined solely by technological adoption or digital competencies, but by the alignment between the depth of AI integration in decision-making processes, leaders’ capacity to interpret and oversee algorithmic outputs, and the presence of governance mechanisms that ensure transparency, accountability, and trust. While some studies highlight potential opportunities associated with AI, these remain less systematically developed compared to the extensive focus on challenges and emerging risks. On this basis, the study introduces the AI-Leadership Configurational Framework (ALCF), a multi-level model that conceptualizes leadership effectiveness as the outcome of systemic alignment. The framework integrates previously disconnected debates and provides a coherent foundation for future empirical research on leadership in the algorithmic age.