Numerical Optimisation of Window Installation Thermal Bridges for Sustainable Buildings: The Impact of Mounting Position

Thermal bridges at window installations significantly influence the energy performance and indoor comfort of buildings, particularly in nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB). This study investigates the impact of window mounting-position on thermal-bridge intensity at window-to-wall junctions using finite element method (FEM) simulations of representative junction configurations. Mounting depth, frame alignment relative to the insulation layer, and junction detailing were systematically varied to quantify their effect on linear thermal transmittance ( ψ -values) and internal-surface temperatures. The results show that relatively small changes in mounting position can markedly reduce thermal-bridge effects; the most effective strategy combines installing the window within the insulation layer at an optimal depth of 7–12 cm. Across the studied configurations, ψ decreased from traditional installation values of 0.27 W/(m·K) to 0.02 W/(m·K) for installation in the insulation layer, and with frame overlap and frame extenders, the ψ -value can be further reduced, reaching 0.005 W/(m·K) in the best case. Applying external insulation increases the minimum internal-surface temperature by at least 2 °C compared with cases without frame covering. In the case study of a historical building retrofitted to Passive House (PH) standard, installing windows in the insulation layer reduced annual heating demand from 32 kWh/m 2 to 24 kWh/m 2 . The additional investment is economically justified, with a simple payback period of about 25 years, decreasing to around 20 years assuming a 3% annual increase in energy prices. These findings demonstrate that optimised window positioning is an effective and economically viable measure to improve the energy performance, durability, and sustainability of high-performance buildings.