Cross-National Comparison of Sociocultural Determinants of Environmental Awareness: Citizens in China and Singapore

While environmental awareness is crucial for ecological governance, its sociocultural foundations across different macro-institutional contexts remain underexplored. This study compares the sociocultural correlates of environmental awareness in China and Singapore—two developmental states with state-centric governance but distinct institutional configurations. Integrating Sociocultural Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior, this exploratory study analyzes World Values Survey data Wave 7 using ordered logistic and probit models. We identify three key patterns. First, both nations exhibit a pervasive “attitude-behavior gap,” with cognitive environmentalism significantly outpacing actual civic action. Second, universally, social trust is correlated with environmental attitudes, while political action and religiosity are positively linked to actual behavior. Third, distinct institutional mechanisms emerge: China reflects a “state-dependent environmentalism” where attitudes are associated with post-materialist values and institutional deterrence, and behavioral participation is strongly related to government trust. Conversely, Singapore displays an “institutionalized civic environmentalism,” where routine political action shows a strong positive association with environmental attitudes—an association neutralized in China. These findings demonstrate that pathways to ecological sustainability in developmental states are structurally divergent, necessitating context-specific governance interventions.