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Research Progress on the Migration of DNAPL Pollutants in Fractured Media

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  • Long Xian

    (Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China)

  • Changhong Zheng

    (Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China)

  • Yilong Yuan

    (Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China)

  • Yuesuo Yang

    (Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China)

  • Yuhan La

    (Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
    College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China)

Abstract

Groundwater contamination caused by dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) has long been recognized as a persistent environmental challenge, particularly in fractured porous media. DNAPL migration is highly uncertain due to the heterogeneity and complexity of fracture networks, which complicates risk assessment and remediation design. This paper begins with an overview of mathematical models for multiphase flow migration in fractured media, followed by a systematic analysis and classification of DNAPL migration mechanisms based on laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Subsequently, key challenges in current DNAPL remediation practices are discussed, including difficulties in monitoring and characterizing fractured aquifers, limited delivery and utilization efficiency of remedial agents, and the back-diffusion of DNAPL from low-permeability zones. Based on this analysis, three primary DNAPL remediation approaches—physical, chemical, and biological methods—are reviewed and evaluated. Finally, future research directions for understanding DNAPL migration and improving remediation strategies in fractured media are proposed. Overall, this review bridges mechanistic knowledge, simulation research, and remediation practice, providing insights that contribute to future technological progress and management decision-making in DNAPL-contaminated fractured aquifers.

Suggested Citation

  • Long Xian & Changhong Zheng & Yilong Yuan & Yuesuo Yang & Yuhan La, 2026. "Research Progress on the Migration of DNAPL Pollutants in Fractured Media," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-25, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:18:y:2026:i:7:p:3289-:d:1908017
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