Landscape Pattern Reconfiguration and Surface Runoff Response Driven by Vegetation Restoration in the Loess Plateau

Clarifying the relationship between landscape patterns and runoff coefficient, along with identifying key influencing pathways, is crucial for formulating sustainable water resource management strategies. Since the launch of the Grain-for-Green (GfG) project in 1999, the landscape pattern of the Loess Plateau has been profoundly reshaped, altering regional rainfall-runoff processes. Assessment across 27 catchments selected in the central Loess Plateau demonstrated forest and grassland areas expanded by 738.8 km 2 and 480.4 km 2 , respectively, paralleled by a 20.1% enhancement in vegetation coverage. Correspondingly, surface runoff decreased by 28.1–90.6% in the 2000s and 12.8–95.5% in the 2010s compared to the 1960s, with a similar decline in runoff coefficient. This study further developed a novel landscape unit mapping method, integrating vegetation coverage, land use, slope, and soil type to compute landscape metrics. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and piecewise structural equation modeling (piecewiseSEM) were constructed to systematically analyze the linkage between landscape patterns and surface runoff. The constructed landscape metrics explained 64.6% of the variance in the runoff coefficient, with perimeter area fractal dimension (PAFRAC), mean perimeter-area ratio (PARA_MN), and aggregation index (AI) exerting significant influence. The findings provide a scientific basis for water resource management in regions with similar environmental characteristics.