Multirod Side-Pumped Ce:Nd:YAG Architectures for Sustainable Solar Laser Power Generation

A detailed numerical optimization of side-pumped cerium- and neodymium-codoped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:Nd:YAG) solar laser architectures was performed using Zemax ® and LASCAD TM , aiming for both high-power multimode and TEM 00 -mode performances. Multiple rod configurations and laser resonator geometries were evaluated to maximize absorbed pump power, improve mode overlap, and ensure thermal stability. For multimode operation, the optimal design was a four-rod cross side-pumped configuration employing 4.0 mm diameter, 25 mm length rods, which numerically delivered a solar laser output power of 134 W (resulting in a collection efficiency of 49.1 W/m 2 and solar-to-laser conversion efficiency of 4.91%), representing a 1.50-times improvement over the best previously reported value of 89.29 W. For TEM 00 -mode generation, the best performance was obtained with a three-rod horizontal side-pumped configuration using 2.5 mm diameter, 34 mm length rods, achieving a collection efficiency of 21.1 W/m 2 and solar-to-laser conversion efficiency of 2.11%, surpassing the record 16.49 W/m 2 reported in earlier literature. Thermal analyses revealed low peak temperatures, reduced thermally induced stress, and minimized refractive-index gradients in both architectures, confirming that multirod side pumping significantly improves the thermal environment and enables stable operation at high absorbed pump powers. These results demonstrate that carefully engineered multirod geometries can simultaneously enhance collection efficiency, beam quality, and thermal robustness, highlighting multirod side-pumped solar lasers as a promising pathway for further power scaling and next-generation high-performance solar laser systems.