Mitigating Post-Recycling Plastic Waste Pollution Through Co-Hydrothermal Liquefaction with Freshwater Algal Biomass: Pathways to Biofuel and High-Value Products as Resource Recovery: Chi River, Thailand

Post-recycling plastic waste contamination in freshwater ecosystems represents an escalating environmental threat, while algal blooms continue to generate vast quantities of underutilized biomass. Addressing both challenges, this study investigated the co-hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa with representative post-recycling plastic wastes polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and Nylon-6 as a dual-resource valorization strategy. Experiments were conducted in a 1000 mL high-pressure batch reactor at 350 °C for 30 min, with varying biomass-to-plastic feed ratios. Systematic product characterization, including functional group, elemental analysis, Van Krevelen diagrams, and heating value assessment, was employed to elucidate synergistic effects and evaluate product quality. Results revealed that co-processing with polyethylene terephthalate achieved the highest biocrude yield of 71.5%, with an enhanced higher heating value of 35.7 MJ kg −1 , surpassing the 62.4% yield from microalgae alone. Nylon-6 blends also improved oil yield to 69.6% while producing aqueous fractions enriched with ε-caprolactam, indicating the recovery of valuable nitrogenous monomers. In contrast, PP exhibited limited reactivity toward oil generation but produced carbon-rich biochar with a higher heating value up to 41.4 MJ kg −1 , comparable to high-grade solid fuels. Mechanistic analyses confirmed that plastics acted as hydrogen donors, promoting deoxygenation, radical stabilization, and selective depolymerization, thereby improving both liquid and solid fuel fractions. By employing ecologically relevant freshwater feedstocks from Thailand, this work advances beyond prior studies dominated by marine biomass or synthetic surrogates, providing realistic insights into resource integration within polluted inland waters. The co-hydrothermal liquefaction process simultaneously mitigates eutrophication-driven algal blooms and persistent plastic pollution while generating fuels and functional carbon materials, directly contributing to a circular bioeconomy. The demonstrated synergy between biological and synthetic wastes highlights a scalable, catalyst-free route to energy-dense biofuels and multifunctional biochar. These outcomes align strongly with SDG which offer a pragmatic framework for waste-to-energy transition in freshwater-dependent regions.