Mechanistic Insights into Travertine Deposition Mediated by Submerged Macrophytes: A Comparative Study of V. natans and C. demersum

The travertine formed through the precipitation of supersaturated calcium carbonate from geothermal or surface waters due to CO 2 degassing, evaporation, and biological activities not only exhibits remarkable landscape value but also holds significant scientific importance in geological research. Current conservation efforts face critical challenges including travertine degradation, increased algal biomass accumulation, and progressive marshification processes. The study focused on how Vallisneria natans ( V. natans ) and Ceratophyllum demersum ( C. demersum ) affected travertine deposition. Analyzing the physical and chemical parameters, phase structure, crystal morphology, and microbial community in the aquatic environment, it was observed that under conditions of low c (Ca 2+ ) concentration in solution (≤100 mg L −1 ), both species significantly increased the rate of travertine deposition. The effect of plant biomass was species-specific: V. natans showed the highest promotion at 70 g L −1 , while C. demersum performed effectively at moderate biomass levels (140 and 280 g L −1 ). Specifically, C. demersum exhibited enhanced photosynthetic activity, elevated pH, increased dissolved oxygen (DO) content and more epibiotic microorganisms, with higher levels of Aeromonas compared to V. natans . Therefore, C. demersum demonstrated a greater capacity for travertine deposition. However, the culture environment with elevated c (Ca 2+ ) ≥ 500 mg L −1 or higher biomass levels (420 g L −1 ) impeded the stable growth of submerged plants and exerted a stress effect on them, hindering travertine deposition. The morphology of travertine crystals promoted by the two submerged macrophytes was distinct. In the V. natans treatment, the crystals were square and elongated, whereas in the C. demersum treatment, they were spheraragonite, droplet-like, and petal-shaped. This study reveals the mechanisms by which submerged macrophytes promote travertine deposition and provides new insights for adopting nature-based ecological restoration strategies to sustainably maintain travertine landscapes. By leveraging the promoting effects of submerged macrophytes, travertine deposition and the aquatic environment were improved while reducing energy and chemical inputs. Such biological regulation approaches help synergistically achieve the dual objectives of geological heritage conservation and ecosystem health restoration.