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Modern Energy Storage Methods and Technologies: Comparison, Case Study and Analysis of the Impact on Power Grid Stabilization

Author

Listed:
  • Tomasz Kozakowski

    (Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-459 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Michał Kozioł

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland)

  • Adam Koniuszy

    (Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-459 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Krzysztof Tkaczyk

    (Vivende sp. z o.o, 16-070 Porosły, Poland)

Abstract

This review synthesizes recent progress in modern energy storage technologies and proposes a selection-oriented comparison for power-system stabilization. Technologies are grouped into electrochemical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal storage, and evaluated using harmonized criteria (power and energy capability, response time, round-trip efficiency, lifetime, cost proxies, and maturity level). A comparative dataset and use-case mapping are used to link technology characteristics to grid services, with emphasis on voltage support, operational durability, and waste-heat utilization. The analysis highlights pumped-storage hydropower as the most robust option for long-duration, high-capacity applications, while battery energy storage systems are best suited for fast ancillary services, provided that cycle life, safety, and system integration constraints are met. Finally, the review discusses current technology trends (e.g., LFP and sodium-ion deployment, solid-state development, and commercialization barriers for lithium-sulfur) and identifies evidence-based directions for future research and deployment.

Suggested Citation

  • Tomasz Kozakowski & Michał Kozioł & Adam Koniuszy & Krzysztof Tkaczyk, 2026. "Modern Energy Storage Methods and Technologies: Comparison, Case Study and Analysis of the Impact on Power Grid Stabilization," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-27, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:18:y:2026:i:5:p:2659-:d:1882899
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