Enhancing GreenComp Sustainability Skills in STEM Disciplines: A Didactic Proposal for Extreme Weather Preparedness in Secondary Education

This study addresses the growing vulnerability of societies to extreme weather events intensified by climate change and explores how Secondary Education can foster sustainability competences aligned with the European GreenComp framework. A mixed-methods design was used, combining a content analysis of 279 curricular units from educational legislation and STEM subjects in Compulsory Secondary Education and Baccalaureate, a questionnaire administered to 190 students, and the design and classroom implementation of a GreenComp -based teaching intervention. The curricular analysis revealed uneven integration of sustainability competences across STEM disciplines, with stronger presence in Biology, Geology and Technology, and limited representation in Mathematics and Physics and Chemistry. Student perceptions showed fragmented understandings of extreme weather events, their causes and consequences, and limited awareness of global frameworks such as the SDGs and COP meetings. The implemented teaching sequence improved students’ knowledge of extreme events, strengthened their recognition of links with climate change, and increased awareness of mitigation, adaptation, and the role of education and political action. Overall, the findings highlight both opportunities and gaps in current curricula and demonstrate the potential of contextualized, inquiry-based STEM approaches to develop sustainability competences and better prepare students to face extreme weather events.