Enhancing Energy Performance in Hot Climates: A Multi-Criteria Approach Towards Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings

Accelerating decarbonization in hot-climate buildings requires integrated retrofit strategies that address energy performance, environmental impact, thermal comfort, and economic feasibility within a unified decision framework. This study develops and validates a simulation-driven multi-criteria approach to evaluate retrofit packages across three representative ASHRAE hot sub-climates (1B, 2B, 2A). An academic building was modeled using DesignBuilder (Stroud, UK) and validated in accordance with ASHRAE Guidelines. The retrofit analysis integrates envelope enhancements (insulation and reflective coatings), glazing-integrated photovoltaics (GIPV), rooftop photovoltaics (RTPV), and a Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS). The performance evaluation incorporates dynamically simulated energy consumption, operational CO 2 emissions, thermal comfort indicators (PMV and DCH), and techno-economic metrics (IRR, ROI, PBP). Weighting factors were derived from a structured stakeholder consultation to reflect context-sensitive sustainability priorities. The results indicate energy reductions of approximately 51–57% and carbon emission reductions of 40–53% across the examined zones, while discomfort hours decreased by roughly 42–46%. This demonstrates significant improvements in thermal comfort under integrated retrofit strategies, particularly with DOAS integration, highlighting the importance of ventilation-driven comfort enhancement. Economic feasibility was climate-dependent; envelope-focused solutions yielded high returns, while integrated strategies delivered balanced environmental and economic performance. The proposed framework enables systematic, climate-specific prioritization of retrofit alternatives and supports scalable, economically viable NZEB transitions in rapidly expanding hot-climate educational infrastructure.