Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Biopolymer Incorporation for the Formulation of Sustainable Geotechnical Treated Soil for the Restoration of Soil Functions

Replacing conventional chemical binders with natural polymers in geotechnically treated soil allows for the creation of more sustainable materials with both valuable ecological and mechanical properties. Xanthan gum and sodium alginate are natural polymers with excellent binding properties and water retention, which can help reduce carbon emissions. However, there is a lack of research on how to achieve optimal performance through the rational formulation of different biopolymers. This study investigates the use of these two natural biopolymers as binders (xanthan gum and sodium alginate) in slope-protection habitats treated with soil optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) within Design-Expert analysis software. The effects of xanthan gum concentration, sodium alginate concentration, and time, as well as their interactions on the properties of treated soil, ryegrass growth, and soil greenhouse gas emissions were evaluated, resulting in an optimized substrate formulation that balances good geotechnical properties with low environmental impact. Pot cultivation trials indicated that cohesion (c) and internal friction angle (φ) increased linearly with rising xanthan gum and sodium alginate concentrations, while the number of ryegrass plants (N p ) and root area ratio (RAR) decreased linearly with increasing binder concentration. Both CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes increased with rising binder concentrations. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that xanthan gum concentration had a stronger promoting effect on c and φ and a stronger inhibiting effect on N p and RAR than sodium alginate. In contrast, sodium alginate concentration exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes. Through comprehensive optimization of geotechnical properties, vegetation growth, and greenhouse gas emissions, the optimal formulation was determined to be 0.885% for xanthan gum and 0.791% for alginate. The optimized composition resulted in increases of 38.6% and 19.1% for c and φ, respectively, while N p and RAR increased by 7.7% and 15.0%, respectively. CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes decreased by 61.6% and 65.2%, respectively. This study contributes to advancing the sustainability of geotechnical treatments to favour vegetation regrowth. However, these materials will need to be further tested under field conditions to verify their effectiveness and duration.