Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors Analysis of Evapotranspiration in the Yellow River Basin from 2001 to 2022

Under global warming, the intensification of the hydrological cycle highlights evapotranspiration (ET) as a key process governing land–atmosphere water and energy exchanges. Understanding the spatiotemporal variability of ET and its driving mechanisms is essential for regional hydrological and ecological studies. Based on MOD16 evapotranspiration products, meteorological data, and multi-source remote sensing datasets, this study systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of evapotranspiration (ET) and its driving mechanisms in the Yellow River Basin during 2001–2022 using trend analysis, correlation analysis, and geographical detector methods. Results showed that ET exhibited a significant increasing trend across the YRB (5.29 mm·year −1 ), with extremely significant increases ( p < 0.01) observed in 61.93% of the basin. Among climatic factors, precipitation, temperature, and wind speed exhibited significant increasing trends. Human activities were characterized by a significant increase in NDVI and land-use transitions toward forest and built-up land. Geographical detector results identified NDVI and precipitation as the strongest explanatory factors controlling ET spatial heterogeneity, with distinct driving mechanisms across the upper, middle, and lower reaches. Interaction effects among factors were stronger than individual effects, indicating that the spatial differentiation of ET is jointly controlled by climatic conditions and human activities. These findings empirically characterize the spatial heterogeneity, temporal trends, factor hierarchy, and interaction strength of ET variability at the basin scale and provide basin-scale evidence for understanding hydrological cycle responses under the combined influences of climate change and anthropogenic activities.