Hydrodynamic Effects of a Novel Permeable Spur Dike on Surface Flow Structure and Oil Spill Dispersion

A series of generalized fixed-bed physical model experiments were conducted to investigate the hydrodynamic effects of spur dike configuration and permeability. The study was carried out in a rectangular flume at a geometric scale of 1:40. A traditional impermeable spur dike, a novel impermeable spur dike with a curved geometry, and permeable spur dikes with varying porosities ( p = 11.8%, 17.6%, and 23.2%) were systematically examined. Surface velocity and flow direction were measured using a large-scale surface flow field measurement system. Additionally, tracer-based experiments were conducted to characterize oil spill spreading pathways, areas, and rates. The results showed that the novel curved-profile spur dike alleviates upstream backwater effects and weakens downstream plunging flow compared to the conventional straight-profile spur dike, resulting in a more uniform surface flow structure. At low porosity (P = 11.8%), hydrodynamic behavior resembled that of impermeable structures. In contrast, at high porosity (P = 23.2%), upstream–downstream hydraulic connectivity was enhanced, and recirculation intensity was reduced. Regarding oil spill dispersion, spur dike promoted oil retention in the upstream region and lateral spreading around the spur dike head. The extent of the spreading area was strongly influenced by both the cross-sectional geometry and the porosity of the spur dike. Among the permeable cases, the largest spreading area was observed at an intermediate porosity (P = 17.6%). However, permeable spur dike generally exhibited smaller overall spreading areas compared to impermeable spur dike. Finally, an empirical model for predicting the oil spreading area was developed by incorporating flow velocity, water depth, and porosity. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing spur dike design and mitigating oil spill risks. Given the severe threat that oil pollution poses to aquatic environments, the retention capacity of spur dikes serves as a critical hydraulic barrier, thereby promoting environmental and ecological sustainability.