Life Cycle Assessment of Power Plants: A Systematic Review of Environmental Impacts Across Electricity Generation Technologies

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate the environmental impact of power generation systems and inform energy and climate policy decisions. In recent years, numerous LCA studies have examined the life-cycle implications of power plants utilizing renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel technologies. Nevertheless, the resultant data is fragmented, exhibiting significant diversity among investigations attributable to disparities in system boundaries, technical assumptions, and methodological selections. This document offers a systematic overview of peer-reviewed LCA studies and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) evaluating the environmental implications of predominant power production technologies, such as solar photovoltaic, wind, hydropower, nuclear, and natural gas power plants. Various environmental effect categories are evaluated, with a specific focus on Global Warming Potential as the most frequently reported and policy-relevant metric. The review consolidates documented impact ranges, assesses the effects of plant size and technological design, and evaluates the contribution of several life cycle stages to overall environmental performance. The findings emphasize prevalent tendencies and significant variability among technologies and studies, illustrating the susceptibility of LCA results to modeling assumptions and data sources. Although current LCAs offer relevant insights into the environmental impact of electricity generation, the review highlights enduring methodological deficiencies, particularly the inadequate handling of uncertainty, the static portrayal of long-lasting infrastructures, and the lack of explicit attention to technological risk. This study consolidates and critically evaluates existing literature, providing a thorough reference on the life-cycle environmental consequences of power plants and facilitating a more educated interpretation of LCA results within energy system planning and policy analysis.