Wind Regime Variability and Spatiotemporal Distribution of Aeolian Sand Hazards Along a Gobi Desert Highway in the Ejin Banner, Northern China

Aeolian sand hazards severely constrain highway safety and operation in arid regions. To support targeted mitigation along Highway S315 in the Gobi Desert of northern China, this study integrates meteorological observations with sand removal records to quantify wind regimes and classify sand hazard intensity. Event thresholds were objectively identified using change points in semi-logarithmic distributions of daily sand removal volumes, and spatial hazard severity was graded based on annual sand removal per unit road length. The results showed that (1) the study area was subject to intense aeolian activity, with a mean annual sand-driving wind frequency of 23.98%, an annual drift potential of 344.91 vector units (VU), and a resultant sand transport direction of 129.88° (east–southeast). (2) Based on inflection point characteristics, sand hazard events were classified into three intensity levels, namely, slight (<800 m 3 ), moderate (800–3000 m 3 ), and severe (>3000 m 3 ), accounting for 13.0%, 76.1%, and 10.9% of all events along Highway S315, respectively. (3) Spatial grading criteria for sand hazard severity were defined as slight (<3 × 10 3 m 3 km −1 yr −1 ), moderate (3 × 10 3 –1.0 × 10 4 m 3 km −1 yr −1 ), and severe (>1.0 × 10 4 m 3 km −1 yr −1 ). Application of these criteria to a representative road section (K9+000–K30+600; 21.6 km) indicated that severe, moderate, and slight sand hazard segments extend over 6.0 km, 9.1 km, and 6.5 km, respectively, thereby delineating priority zones for targeted mitigation measures. This study proposes a quantitative framework that couples regional wind-driven sand dynamics with highway hazard severity, enabling targeted mitigation and offering a transferable reference for sand risk management in arid and desert regions.