Decomposing CO 2 Emissions with the Kaya Identity: Global Trends, National Dynamics, and Policy Implications

Understanding the structural drivers of global CO 2 emissions is essential for designing effective climate-mitigation strategies and for supporting progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13—Climate Action). This study applies the Kaya Identity-based decomposition approach to quantify how population, gross domestic product per capita, energy intensity, and emission intensity jointly shape long-term emission dynamics. Using harmonized historical datasets for the period 1990–2020, the analysis compares global trends with country-level trajectories in major emitting regions, including China, India, the United States, the European Union, and Russia. Results indicate that although energy and emission intensity have improved in several regions, these gains remain insufficient to offset the combined effects of population growth and rising economic output, leading to continued increases in global emissions. Significant asymmetries emerge across countries in terms of development stages, historical responsibility, and capacity for decarbonization, raising important considerations for climate equity. Overall, the Kaya decomposition provides a transparent diagnostic framework for identifying policy-sensitive levers, particularly energy intensity and carbon intensity, and for highlighting where mitigation efforts are most urgently needed to advance progress toward SDG 13.