The Built Environment Exacerbates Disparities in the Accessibility of Public Charging Stations: An Analysis Based on MGWR

The disparities in accessibility of public charging stations (PCSs) have emerged as a critical bottleneck constraining urban social equity and sustainable development. This study focuses on PCS accessibility within the central urban area of Tianjin. Employing an enhanced Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and multi-scale geographically weighted regression, the research investigates spatial configuration, spatial dependence, and influencing factors from three analytical dimensions. The study elaborates on the disparities in PCS accessibility among different income groups and examines the determinants contributing to these variations. Research findings indicate that: (1) PCS accessibility1 in the central urban area exhibits a core-periphery spatial structure, with notable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution patterns of PCS accessibility across different income groups. (2) The MGWR model demonstrates superior performance compared to conventional models, with an increase in R 2 explanatory power of at least 23.7% and a reduction in AICc values ranging from 3.94% to 47.45%. (3) Housing prices are positively correlated with PCS accessibility across different income groups, while per capita income and education and cultural services differentiated associations with PCS accessibility. From the perspective of different income groups, this study systematically analyzes the disparities in PCS accessibility and their associated factors, providing a theoretical foundation for sustainable urban planning and development.