Sustainable and Health-Promoting Ventilation Optimization for Kindergarten Buildings Across Diverse Climate Zones

HVAC systems account for a significant portion of building energy consumption, making them a critical factor in achieving energy efficiency and sustainable development in buildings. The thermal comfort environment within kindergarten buildings has a direct impact on children’s health and learning performance while also being closely linked to building energy consumption. Natural ventilation serves as a fundamental passive technology for ensuring indoor air quality. It offers advantages such as energy savings and emissions reduction while improving thermal comfort, making it a key advancement in promoting sustainable building practices. Air change rate serves as a key indicator for measuring indoor air renewal. This study, based on the characteristics of young children being more sensitive to environmental changes and having weaker resistance, investigated the impact of different air change rates on indoor thermal comfort in kindergartens across three distinct climatic zones in China: hot summer and warm winter, hot summer and cold winter, and temperate areas. Thermal comfort was evaluated using the Temperature Humidity Index ( THI ) and temperature fluctuation rate. And the effects of air change rates on building energy consumption were further examined. Simulation results show that the influence of air change rates on indoor thermal comfort, temperature fluctuations, and energy consumption varies significantly across climate zones. Guided by the sustainable principles of prioritizing children’s health and low-energy operation, the findings indicate that an air change rate of 1.5 is optimal in hot summer and warm winter areas, a rate of 0.5 is most suitable in hot summer and cold winter areas, and a rate of 0.5 is most suitable in temperate areas. This study aims to provide scientific evidence for achieving energy conservation and sustainable ventilation design through natural ventilation in kindergarten buildings across different climate zones, while ensuring children’s health.