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Sustainability Through Diversification and Competitiveness: An Analysis of Global Maize Exports

Author

Listed:
  • Marco Agustín Arbulú Ballesteros

    (Institute for Research in Science and Technology, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo 13001, Peru)

  • Jose Carlos Montes Ninaquispe

    (Programa de Administración y Administración de Negocios Internacionales Filial Norte, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo 14001, Peru)

  • Christian David Corrales Otazú

    (Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru)

  • Sarita Jessica Apaza Miranda

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Empresa, Universidad Continental, Arequipa 04002, Peru)

  • Sandra Lizzette León Luyo

    (Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo 13001, Peru)

  • Consuelo Violeta Coronel Estela

    (Escuela de Administración de Negocios Internacionales, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima 15046, Peru)

  • Heyner Yuliano Marquez Yauri

    (Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo 13001, Peru)

  • Patricia Ismary Barinotto Roncal

    (Department of Humanities, Universidad Privada del Norte, Trujillo 13011, Peru)

  • Carlos José Sandoval Reyes

    (Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad César Vallejo, Chepén 13871, Peru)

  • Juana Graciela Palma Vallejo

    (Escuela de Administración en Turismo y Hotelería, Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad César Vallejo, Piura 20001, Peru)

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the diversification and competitiveness of corn exports from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Ukraine during 2020–2024 through a quantitative, descriptive design using secondary data from Trade Map. Methodologically, it applied the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure destination-market concentration and the normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) to assess export specialization and relative competitiveness. The results indicated heterogeneous patterns: the United States experienced rising concentration toward Mexico—heightening vulnerability despite persistent advantages in Japan and Colombia; Brazil maintained low concentration and robust advantages across the Middle East and Asia; Argentina combined favorable diversification with stable advantages in Asia, Africa, and South America, albeit with a mild uptick in concentration by 2024; and Ukraine showed moderate diversification but volatile competitiveness, with structural disadvantages in Türkiye exacerbated by wartime logistics. This study concluded that export sustainability depended jointly on diversification and competitive specialization, with Brazil and Argentina exhibiting the strongest balance.

Suggested Citation

  • Marco Agustín Arbulú Ballesteros & Jose Carlos Montes Ninaquispe & Christian David Corrales Otazú & Sarita Jessica Apaza Miranda & Sandra Lizzette León Luyo & Consuelo Violeta Coronel Estela & Heyner , 2026. "Sustainability Through Diversification and Competitiveness: An Analysis of Global Maize Exports," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-23, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:18:y:2026:i:3:p:1227-:d:1848761
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