Key Drivers of Water Quality Deterioration in Dongjiang Lake: Insights from Long-Term Monitoring

Monitoring water quality changes and identifying their driving factors are essential for the effective management of Dongjiang Lake. However, in-depth research on the spatiotemporal variations in the lake’s water quality and the complex interactions between natural and human factors remain insufficient. In this study, we aimed to characterize water quality trends and key physicochemical indicators in Dongjiang Lake by combining a 14-year water environmental dataset (2011–2024) and a correlation analysis. Our results showed that TN and COD Mn concentrations displayed increasing trends, whereas the NH 3 -N concentration showed a decreasing trend throughout the study period. The TN concentration initially decreased earlier in the year before increasing, with values ranging from 0.56 mg/L in September to 0.78 mg/L in November. The trends in COD Mn concentration were the opposite to those of TN within the year, which first increased from 0.79 mg/L in January to 1.00 mg/L in June, and then decreased to 0.84 mg/L in December. The water level fluctuated inter-annually from 267.63 to 278.04 m during the study period, with a difference of 10.41 m. pH increased from 7.01 to 8.25, and dissolved oxygen decreased from 9.81 to 7.57. The WT fluctuates between 17.83 °C and 19.49 °C ( p < 0.05). COD Mn showed a highly significant positive correlation with transparency, pH, and water temperature, whereas NH 3 -N showed a highly significant negative correlation with transparency, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Considering the importance of Dongjiang Lake as a freshwater resource and tourism hub, this study highlights the urgent need to prioritize pollution source control, while accounting for the lake’s deep-water dynamics and incorporating ecosystem-based restoration measures.