Impacts of Tillage on Soil’s Physical and Hydraulic Properties in Temperate Agroecosystems

Tillage practices critically influence soil’s physical properties, which are fundamental to sustainable agriculture in temperate climates. This review evaluates how conventional tillage (CvT; e.g., moldboard and chisel plowing), reduced tillage (RT), and conservation tillage (CT), particularly no-tillage (NT), affect six key indicators: bulk density (BD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), wet aggregate stability (WAS), penetration resistance (PR), available water capacity (AWC), and soil organic carbon (SOC). Special emphasis is placed on differentiating topsoil and subsoil responses to inform climate-resilient land management. A total of 70 peer-reviewed studies published between 1991 and 2025 were analyzed. Data were extracted for BD, Ks, WAS, PR, AWC, and SOC across tillage systems. Depths were standardized into topsoil (0–10 cm) and composite (>10 cm) categories. Descriptive statistics were used to synthesize cross-study trends. NT showed lower mean BD in the topsoil (1.32 ± 0.08 Mg/m 3 ) compared with moldboard plow (1.33 ± 0.09) and chisel tillage (1.39 ± 0.12); however, the effects of tillage on BD were not statistically significant, while BD was higher at composite depths under NT (1.56 ± 0.09 Mg/m 3 ), indicating subsoil compaction. Ks improved under NT, reaching 4.2 mm/h with residue retention. WAS rose by 33.4%, and SOC increased by 25% under CT systems. PR tended to be elevated in deeper layers under NT. Overall, CT, particularly NT, improves surface soil’s physical health and SOC accumulation in temperate agroecosystems; however, persistent subsoil compaction highlights the need for depth-targeted management strategies, such as controlled traffic, periodic subsoil alleviation, or deep-rooted cover crops, to sustain long-term soil functionality and climate-resilient production systems.