Geobotanical Characterisation of Plant Communities Associated with Traditional Sheep Pastoralism in North-Western Spain: Implications for Landscape Conservation Planning

Traditional grazing maintains essential ecosystem services, yet this activity is rapidly disappearing across Europe. Understanding the geobotanical features of traditionally grazed areas is critical for predicting biodiversity shifts driven by pastoral decline. This study provides a geobotanical characterisation of traditional sheep farms in north-western Spain. We integrated bioclimatic, phytosociological, and biogeographical approaches with spatial autocorrelation analyses, including global Moran’s I, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), and join-count tests, to assess spatial patterns in vegetation richness and plant community organisation. The results indicate that 28.22% of the studied farms were located in the Castilian Duero sector, 93.45% within the supramediterranean thermotype, and 75.46% within the subhumid ombrotype. A high diversity of vegetation was recorded, with 111 plant communities identified. These include several priority habitats of community interest within the European Union, notably belonging to the phytosociological classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea , Festuco-Brometea , and Poetea bulbosae . This spatial approach characterises the vegetation mosaics within a fixed buffer around the holdings, although it does not directly measure actual forage use. As a key scientific novelty, this work provides, for the first time, a macro-regional and quantitatively validated integration that explicitly links broad environmental filters with localized pastoral vegetation mosaics. By providing a statistically robust diagnosis of landscape aggregation and segregation, this geobotanical characterisation serves as a fundamental tool for land managers and shepherds, contributing directly to the conservation and sustainable management of endangered traditional pastoral landscapes under changing environmental conditions.