A Sustainable V2G Incentive Strategy for Multi-Agent Regional Integrated Energy Systems with a Commission-Based Service Fee Mechanism

The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) has positioned Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology as an important enabler for mitigating grid congestion, accelerating the energy transition, and supporting the sustainable transition of regional energy systems. However, recent incentive mechanisms often fail to balance EV users’ willingness to participate with the economic viability of intermediary operators, thereby hindering effective multi-party collaboration in Regional Integrated Energy System (RIES). To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel commission-based service fee mechanism for V2G incentive mechanisms to dynamically regulate revenue distribution among Integrated Energy System Operator (IESO), Energy Supplier (ES), Charging Station Operator (CSO), and Electric Vehicle Aggregator (EVA). The study further examines how different incentive strategies affect V2G market liquidity. Case studies indicate that the proposed strategy significantly increases effective V2G transaction power while preserving CSO profit margins and encouraging EV participation. The results also indicate that the reward rate, commission rate, and subsidy have nonlinear effects on V2G transaction performance and should be set within reasonable ranges. The proposed model also exhibits superior performance in enhancing system economic benefits and promoting multi-agent coordination. It provides an actionable framework for sustaining CSO participation under upper-level subsidy mechanisms while improving the long-term commercial viability and ecological sustainability of smart-grid ecosystems. These findings provide practical guidance for designing incentive policies that facilitate the low-carbon energy transition and sustainable smart-grid development.