Perceived Risks of Watercraft Utilization Among Individuals with Functional Limitations

Aquatic recreation significantly enhances well-being; however, individuals experiencing functional limitations remain frequently marginalized from this form of tourism due to infrastructural and environmental barriers. This study investigates the perceived operational risks and apprehensions encountered by users with specific accessibility needs during yacht sailing, aiming to inform inclusive vessel design aligned with the social dimension of sustainable development. A survey of 277 participants with diverse, officially certified functional limitations was conducted to evaluate their maritime experiences and safety concerns. Participants identified a mean of 11 pre-voyage apprehensions out of 19 distinct risk categories. The most prevalent concerns included stumbling, slipping, or falling on board (79%), the risk of falling overboard (73%), and seasickness (70%), with an overall moderate severity ( X ¯ = 2.2 on a 4-point scale). Crucially, severe safety concerns (e.g., vessel sinking or falling overboard) were significantly mitigated following practical sailing experience. Conversely, everyday functional and ergonomic challenges—such as moving between the deck and crew quarters ( X ¯ = 2.6), operating rigging ( X ¯ = 2.7), embarkation ( X ¯ = 2.6), and utilizing sanitary facilities ( X ¯ = 2.1)—persisted irrespective of experience level. Statistical analysis revealed that gender and age had negligible effects on concern levels. Extensive maritime experience reduced apprehensions regarding balance and swimming competencies, while concurrently increasing awareness of communication and comfort-related operational challenges. This study highlights a distinct divergence between initial psychological anxiety—which is largely mitigated by experience—and persistent architectural barriers inherent in standard yacht design. The results underscore that achieving meaningful inclusivity in water tourism requires prioritizing interior spatial layouts, accessible sanitary facilities, and barrier-free vertical circulation in naval architecture, rather than focusing exclusively on emergency safety systems. These insights directly support the advancement of Sustainable Development Goal 10 and the integration of universal and human-centered design principles within the maritime recreation sector.