IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v18y2026i12p6179-d1968343.html

Critical Barriers of Affordable Housing Delivery in Developing Countries: Evidence from Pakistan Using PLS-SEM

Author

Listed:
  • Saima Rafique

    (Department of City and Regional Planning, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Obaidullah Nadeem

    (Department of City and Regional Planning, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Asim

    (Department of City and Regional Planning, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

Abstract

Affordable housing delivery is a global concern, especially in developing countries; in the same way, Pakistan is also facing this challenge due to haphazard urbanization. Governance failures, and socio-economic and cultural constraints make policy interventions difficult. This research synthesizes market, regulatory, governance and cultural factors to investigate the critical barriers of affordable housing delivery. To analyze this phenomenon, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was performed. Formative and reflective constructs were evaluated using primary data from 200 professionals in Punjab, Pakistan. The findings show that while market and financial restrictions have no evident impact, policy and governance failure, institutional and regulatory impediments, and socio-cultural constraints have a considerable impact on housing affordability delivery. The model highlights the predominance of institutional and cultural variables over simply financial reasons, accounting for 77.8% of the variance in housing affordability delivery. The findings give vital insights to policymakers pursuing housing affordability solutions in developing countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Saima Rafique & Obaidullah Nadeem & Muhammad Asim, 2026. "Critical Barriers of Affordable Housing Delivery in Developing Countries: Evidence from Pakistan Using PLS-SEM," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:18:y:2026:i:12:p:6179-:d:1968343
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/12/6179/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/18/12/6179/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:18:y:2026:i:12:p:6179-:d:1968343. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask MDPI Indexing Manager to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.