Probabilistic Streamflow Forecasting for Hydropower Early Warning in the Paute River Basin, Ecuador

Hydropower-dominated electricity systems are increasingly exposed to hydroclimatic variability, making anticipatory streamflow information essential for energy security, operational resilience, and sustainable planning. This study develops a transparent monthly early-warning framework for the Paute River basin, Ecuador, a strategically important hydrological system for national hydropower generation. Using a 42-year series of observed and compiled monthly streamflow records from 1984 to 2025 ( n = 504), the framework derives seasonal low-flow thresholds (P20 warning and P10 critical) and fits a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model to log-transformed flows. The resulting lognormal predictive distribution provides point forecasts, prediction intervals, and probabilities of low-flow events. Predictive skill was assessed through a 2016–2025 rolling-origin validation with 120 one-step-ahead forecasts and benchmarks against Error–Trend–Seasonal Holt–Winters and seasonal naive models. The SARIMA-log specification achieved the best point accuracy (MAE = 38.80 m 3 /s, RMSE = 47.62 m 3 /s, sMAPE = 32.63%) and modest but useful probabilistic skill (CRPSS = 0.069; Brier Skill Score = 0.169 for Q < P20 and 0.274 for Q < P10). A threshold-sensitivity analysis showed that the 0.15 and 0.30 alert thresholds represent a deliberate trade-off between early detection and false-alarm reduction. For 2026, August displayed the highest low-flow probability (P(Q < P20) = 0.303), triggering a moderate Hydropower Low-Flow Risk Traffic-Light category. The contribution is not a new forecasting algorithm but an operationally auditable integration of seasonal thresholds, probabilistic forecasting, verification, and risk communication for hydropower energy-security governance in the tropical Andes.