Augmenting Legacy Gaging Data with Emerging Datasets for Sustainable Water Management: Water Balance Analysis in the Upper Green River Basin, WY (1991–2023)

Water balance calculations at the watershed scale are fundamental to water resource planning and the sustainable management of limited water supplies. These calculations rely on stream and canal gaging networks operated by local, state and federal entities, whose availability has varied over time due to cost, staffing constraints, and limitations on suitable gaging locations. The Green River Basin (GRB) above Fontenelle Dam in Wyoming illustrates this trend, where the number of operational stream gaging sites has varied over time and the majority of locations have less than 15 years of streamflow records. Recent advancements in the ability to perform streamflow reconstruction and estimate agricultural water use offer a new avenue for estimating the water balance for watersheds with discontinuous gage observations. But the use of these datasets and approaches has not been tested. Therefore, this paper proposes and tests a novel framework that combines discontinuous streamflow observations with new datasets (OpenET, ET-Demands, and GEOGLOWS) to calculate monthly water balances in the GRB from water year 1991 to 2023. Focusing on two main test basins, the Green River and the New Fork River, the integration of modern datasets enables the successful calculation of the water balance in the GRB with good agreement with downstream gaging records, achieving a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency ( NSE ) of 0.88 for the New Fork River and 0.80 for the Green River. By improving the ability to quantify water balance components in data-limited basins, this framework supports more transparent water accounting and informed decision-making for sustainable water management, including irrigation planning, drought response, and long-term resource allocation in semi-arid river systems.