Techno-Economic Assessment of Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Solar Water Pumping for Sugar Beet Irrigation in Konya, Türkiye

Agricultural irrigation is a critical component of global food security, accounting for a substantial share of both water use and energy demand while strongly influencing production costs and market stability under volatile energy conditions. This study evaluates grid-connected and off-grid solar water pumping systems for sugar beet irrigation using real case-study data from Konya, Türkiye. Unlike conventional approaches, this work incorporates irrigation method (sprinkler vs. drip) as a core variable, linking agronomic decisions to energy demand and system sizing. The analysis is based on high-resolution real-world data, including measured hourly solar generation, crop-specific irrigation schedules, and field-based water demand. Two hydraulic conditions were evaluated: low-head (LH-45 m) and high-head (HH-80 m). The results show that grid-connected PV systems provide the most economically viable solution across conditions. While small-scale systems remain marginally unprofitable, economic viability is achieved beyond moderate farm sizes, with payback periods decreasing to 7–8 years. Although higher groundwater depth increases energy demand, it also enhances economic performance through greater energy utilization and cost savings. In contrast, off-grid PV systems with battery storage remain economically unfeasible due to high capital costs. Overall, the findings highlight that irrigation strategy, hydraulic conditions, and system scale are key determinants of solar irrigation performance.