Strategies for Advancing Climate-Resilient Infrastructure in Informal Settlements: A Systematic Review of Global Evidence

Informal settlements are disproportionately exposed to climate risks due to inadequate infrastructure, insecure tenure, environmental exposure, and exclusion from formal planning. Climate-resilient infrastructure (CRI) is essential for urban adaptation, but evidence about its enablement, implementation, and sustainability in informal settlements remains fragmented. This study conducts a PRISMA-guided systematic integrative review of English-language, peer-reviewed literature published between 2010 and 19 March 2026. Database searches in Scopus and Web of Science identified 1962 records. Of these, 40 studies met the final inclusion criteria. These studies were synthesised across five strategic domains: governance and institutional; community and social; financial and economic; technical and design; and knowledge, data, and digital. A rapid MMAT-based appraisal found the evidence base to be moderate to strong, though the included study designs were diverse. Technical and design responses predominate; however, their long-term effectiveness depends on governance coordination and community participation. In contrast, financial and economic strategies, as well as knowledge, data, and digital strategies, remain underdeveloped, revealing weaknesses in the enabling systems required for long-term sustainability. The evidence base is geographically uneven, with strong concentration in Sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, the review shows that CRI in informal settlements is best understood as a comprehensive process shaped by institutions, participation, and local conditions rather than as a purely technical intervention. The findings are limited by the focus on English-language, peer-reviewed studies and uneven regional coverage. However, they indicate that advancing CRI requires integrated strategies combining infrastructure design, institutional capacity, community agency, and long-term enabling systems.