Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adoption of Biofertilizers in the North Central U.S

Biofertilizers, or microbial fertilizers, are designed to restore soil biological functions that have been degraded by long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers. Although their availability in the United States has increased, adoption among farmers remains limited. To assess the current adoption patterns and the factors influencing farmers’ decisions, we conducted a survey of 1119 producers across Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota in 2022. Results show that only 15% of farmers currently use biofertilizers, yet 88% of adopters intend to continue using them. Among non-adopters, 20% expressed interest in trying biofertilizers within the next 3 years, indicating substantial potential for market growth. Regression analysis reveals that younger farmers, larger-scale operations, and those who place greater importance on workshops as a learning platform are more likely to adopt biofertilizers. Adoption is also strongly associated with the use of complementary conservation practices, including cover crops, no tillage, and soil nutrient testing. These findings suggest that biofertilizer use is embedded within broader conservation management strategies rather than being an isolated decision. To support wider adoption, we recommend integrating biofertilizers into existing cost-share programs, such as the Conservation Stewardship Program, and expanding extension efforts through workshops and field demonstrations to provide practical, experience-based learning opportunities.