Carbon Footprint Analysis of Alcohol Production in a Distillery in Three Greenhouse Gas Emission Scopes

The study presents a comprehensive assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the carbon footprint (CF) of high-percentage spirit production in a Polish distillery. The analysis followed the GHG Protocol and ISO 14067:2018 standards, covering direct and indirect emissions across three Scopes. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) with a gate-to-gate boundary, emissions were across key technological processes. Verified operational data for 2022–2024 included detailed records of energy and fuel consumption. Electricity use was identified as the dominant emission source, accounting for 70–93% of total GHG emissions, followed by natural gas and transport fuels. The integration of renewable energy sources, including biomass and photovoltaic installations, resulted in a significant decrease in GHG emissions. The average carbon footprint of spirit production declined from 1.02 kg CO 2eq /L in 2022 to 0.12–0.15 kg CO 2eq /L in 2023–2024, representing an over 85% reduction in emission intensity. Production increased, but the company implemented better practices, including the use of biomass and photovoltaics as energy sources, which translated into a reduction in its carbon footprint. Scenario analysis showed that implementing the replacement of conventional fuels with renewables could lower total GHG emissions by up to 35%. The results confirm that renewable energy implementation and energy-efficiency improvements are effective decarbonization strategies for the spirits industry, supporting compliance with European Green Deal objectives and the transition toward climate-neutral production.