Spatial and Temporal Unevenness in the Operation of Urban Public Transport and Parking Spaces

This article examines the spatial and temporal unevenness of the transport complex operation in a large city with a population of about 0.9 million people and without off-street transport. The patterns of changes in the number of passengers transported in the city are described by a harmonic model, and seasonal unevenness with different numbers of peak values is noted. All routes can be divided into three groups based on the trend in passenger volume. The largest number of routes exhibited a downward trend in passenger volume. A downward trend in passenger volume is observed in the total number of passengers on all routes, despite an increase in the city’s population. Parking occupancy rates also show seasonal fluctuations. A downward trend in paid parking occupancy rates is emerging in the city’s central administrative and business district. The results of the study are relevant for choosing methods for managing the transport behavior model. Analysis of uneven passenger numbers on individual routes is necessary for improving the route network and determining the optimal number and passenger capacity of buses. Analyzing uneven occupancy rates in paid parking lots allows for the development of differentiated rates. The methods used in this article can be integrated into a city’s digital twin to improve forecasting accuracy.