Towards Sustainable Agriculture: Understanding Farmers’ Perspective on the Use of Bio-Based Fertilisers

Bio-based fertilisers (BBFs), produced from various types of biological waste using different processing methods, have demonstrated encouraging levels of agronomic efficiency and environmental benefits, consistent with the principles of sustainable development (SD). Nevertheless, bringing these newly developed products to market remains difficult due to limited farmer awareness, perceived risks, and regulatory uncertainties. In this paper, we examine the attitudes, opinions, and awareness of farmers regarding the use of various BBFs in their fertilisation practices. We applied a survey research method, using the Paper and Pen Personal Interview (PAPI), and answers were collected by agricultural advisors. A questionnaire, consisting of open, closed, and Likert scale questions, focusing on general information about farmers, current practices regarding fertiliser use, and the determinants of fertiliser choice, was used. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, chi-square tests, Cramer’s V coefficients, 95% confidence intervals, and McNemar’s test were used to analyse the data. This study was conducted in all 16 voivodeships in Poland, collecting a total of 800 responses. Factors influencing the negative or positive attitude of farmers toward this practice were identified. Currently, mineral fertilisers remain the dominant choice among Polish farmers due to their accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and agronomic performance. There is observed growing, albeit cautious, interest in alternative fertilisation strategies and the correct understanding of sustainable agriculture practices. About half of farmers expressed willingness to partially replace mineral fertilisers with organic options, but only a minority showed interest in adopting BBFs. The findings indicate that concerns about contaminants, heterogeneous quality, limited availability, and regulatory uncertainty continue to constrain interest in BBFs. Although respondents recognised potential environmental benefits, economic and agronomic considerations remained the primary drivers of decision-making. As the survey was conducted in late 2021, the results reflect pre-2022 market conditions and should be interpreted as a baseline rather than a direct indication of current attitudes. Overall, this study provides insights into behavioural and structural factors influencing fertiliser use in Poland and highlights areas where further policy, advisory, and market developments may help support more sustainable nutrient management.