Lithium Enrichment Mechanisms in Geothermal Waters of Xiamen, Southeastern China, Revealed by SOM Classification and Hydrogeochemical Analysis

Lithium (Li) is a critical metal element in geothermal systems, yet its enrichment mechanism in coastal geothermal waters remains poorly understood. This study focuses on the Xiamen coastal geothermal system, located in the South China granitic reservoir at the front of the Pacific subduction zone. Self-organizing map (SOM) classification, hydrogeochemical analysis, hydrogen–oxygen isotopic constraints, and a three end-member mass balance model were applied to identify the sources and enrichment mechanisms of Li. The geothermal waters are classified into two types: inland low-TDS (Cluster-1) and coastal high-TDS (Cluster-2). Isotopic data indicate a mixture of meteoric water and seawater as the recharge source. The model shows that seawater and groundwater mixing accounts for 2–45% of Li concentration, with over 55% derived from the rock end-member. The leaching of 0.002–0.187 kg of granite per liter of geothermal water explains the observed Li levels. Elevated temperature and low pH enhance Li + release from silicate minerals, and reverse cation exchange further amplifies this process. A strong positive correlation between the CAI-II index and Li + concentration reveals a synergistic effect of ion exchange in high-salinity environments. Overall, the results provide a quantitative framework for understanding Li enrichment and evaluating resource potential in coastal geothermal systems.