Temporo-Spatial Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Air Pollution and Carbon Emissions in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China

The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is a key economic region in China facing increasing pressure to balance socioeconomic development with environmental protection and energy conservation. This study examines the interrelationships among energy consumption, air pollutants (PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and SO 2 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in the GBA from 2000 to 2020. Using spatial correlation matrices and temporo-spatial decoupling analysis, we assess spatial patterns, temporal dynamics, and interactions among these factors. Results show that the GBA has made significant progress in reducing air pollution and carbon emissions. Notably, since 2013, concentrations of PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and SO 2 have decoupled markedly from energy consumption, reflecting effective pollution control measures. Although CO 2 emissions have decreased more gradually, the trend remains positive, indicating steady advances in carbon management. These findings underscore the need for continued optimization of the energy structure to achieve coordinated control of energy use, air quality, and carbon emissions—essential for promoting sustainable, high-quality development in the region.