Spatial Analysis Model for Sustainable Soil Management in Livestock Systems: Case Study at Hacienda Pacaguan, Chimborazo, Ecuador

Soil degradation in high-altitude livestock systems—driven by acidification, compaction, low water retention and nutrient loss—reduces forage productivity and limits the sustainability of grazing-based production. These constraints highlight the need for spatial tools capable of prioritising soil interventions and guiding more efficient land management. The objective of this study was to develop a spatial analysis model to identify and rank soil management priorities in a high-altitude livestock farm. A total of 441 georeferenced observations were collected using portable sensors to measure pH, electrical conductivity, water retention capacity and soil compaction. The data were processed through GIS interpolation, cartographic overlay and reclassification techniques to assign intervention levels across the landscape. The results indicated that 70% of the area presented moderately acidic soils, 32% required improvements in water retention, and 67% exhibited moderate compaction. The proposed model is replicable, operationally simple and suitable for site-specific decision-making. Overall, this study provides a technical tool that supports extension programmes, territorial planning and sustainable livestock management.