Sliding Mode Observer-Based Sensor Fault Diagnosis in a Photovoltaic System

This work focuses on the development of a diagnostic approach for detecting and localizing sensor faults in an autonomous photovoltaic system. The considered system is composed of a photovoltaic module and a resistive load. However, an adaptation stage formed by a DC/DC voltage boost converter is necessary to transfer energy from the source to the load. The diagnostic scheme is based on a sliding mode observer (SMO) that is robust to uncertainties and parametric variations. The SMO incorporates adaptive gains optimized via parametric adaptation laws, with stability rigorously verified through Lyapunov analysis. The method effectively identifies both independent and simultaneous sensor faults, employing an optimized threshold selection strategy to balance detection sensitivity and false alarm resistance. Simulation results under varying environmental conditions, system parameter fluctuations, and noisy measurement demonstrate the approach’s superior performance, achieving a 20% reduction in mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and 90% faster settling time compared to existing techniques. These enhancements immediately increase the dependability, efficiency, and lifetime of the PV system, which are critical for lowering carbon emissions and ensuring the economic feasibility of solar energy investments. Key innovations include a novel residual generation mechanism, seamless integration with backstepping sliding mode maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control, and enhanced transient response characteristics.