Phase-Dependent Effects of Photoperiod on Growth and Microcystin-LR Production in Two Microcystis Strains: Insights from Batch Culture for Bloom Management

The escalating threat of cyanobacterial blooms necessitates a deeper understanding of the environmental factors regulating their toxicity. While light intensity effects are well-documented, it remains unclear whether photoperiod regulates microcystin (MC) production. This study investigates the effects of five light–dark (LD) cycles on the growth and MC-LR production of two Microcystis strains in batch culture under a light intensity of 25 μmol m −2 s −1 . Longer photoperiods enhanced early growth, although long-term biomass accumulation proved strain-dependent. Regarding toxin production, cellular MC-LR (total toxin per cell) during the initial 9-day phase was analyzed using a mixed-effects model. The analysis revealed significant main effects of photoperiod and cell density, supporting both direct and growth-mediated indirect effects of photoperiod. Moreover, a significant strain × photoperiod × day interaction ( p < 0.001) was observed, indicating additional strain-specific and time-dependent regulation. Conversely, a general linear model of the strictly intracellular MC-LR at the 27-day endpoint showed significant independent effects of photoperiod and cell density, with no interaction. The photoperiod effect strengthened after controlling for cell density. These findings reveal a phase-dependent regulation of toxicity, suggesting that risk assessment based solely on biomass is inadequate. Sustainable bloom management should therefore incorporate photoperiod dynamics and adopt phase-specific strategies.