IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v17y2025i21p9804-d1786765.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Influence of Carbonate Binder Content on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Artificial Lightweight Aggregates Produced by Carbonization Using Wood Waste Fly Ash

Author

Listed:
  • Vitoldas Vidikas

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu St. 48, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania)

  • Algirdas Augonis

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu St. 48, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania)

Abstract

Large amounts of wood waste fly ash (WWFA) are generated in bioenergy plants, yet their potential for reuse in construction materials remains underexplored. In this study, artificial lightweight aggregates (ALWAs) were produced by cold-bonded granulation of WWFA with hydrated lime, followed by carbonation curing (20 °C, 64% RH, 19% CO 2 ). The aggregates were evaluated according to EN 13055:2016 classification criteria, with testing performed following the relevant European standards, including EN 1097-3 and EN 1097-6 for density and water absorption, EN 1097-11 for crushing resistance, and EN 1367-7 for freeze–thaw resistance. All ALWAs met the lightweight aggregate classification, with bulk densities of 1010.9–1060.0 kg/m 3 and crushing resistances up to 2.74 N/mm 2 , exceeding that of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) (1.26 N/mm 2 ). XRD confirmed CaCO 3 formation, SEM revealed binder- and w/m-dependent porosity and crystal morphology, and freeze–thaw resistance indicated suitability for non-structural applications. These results demonstrate that WWFA-based ALWAs are a sustainable alternative to natural aggregates, combining waste valorization with competitive performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Vitoldas Vidikas & Algirdas Augonis, 2025. "The Influence of Carbonate Binder Content on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Artificial Lightweight Aggregates Produced by Carbonization Using Wood Waste Fly Ash," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-21, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:21:p:9804-:d:1786765
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/21/9804/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/21/9804/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:21:p:9804-:d:1786765. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.