The Impact of Window Visual Permeability on Socio-Spatial Accessibility in Iranian Cultural Heritage Houses

This research offers a fresh lens on Iranian cultural heritage houses by interrogating the overlooked role of Orosi windows in shaping socio-spatial accessibility and visual permeability. While these decorative stained-glass features are traditionally appreciated for their artistry and environmental performance, their functional impact on visibility and spatial interaction remains underexplored. The study aims to assess how window visual permeability influences socio-spatial accessibility within the hierarchical layouts of historic houses in Iran. To this end, a quantitative approach was adopted, applying convex space analysis to examine socio-spatial dynamics and visibility graph analysis (VGA) to study visual permeability within the space syntax framework. Fifteen heritage houses were analysed under two conditions using VGA: their current status quo, and a hypothetical model in which windows were treated as fully transparent, allowing unobstructed sightlines. The analyses demonstrated that removing window barriers enhanced visual integration and connectivity across all cases. Statistical t -tests further confirmed that these differences were significant, establishing that Orosi windows exert a profound influence on visual permeability. Beyond their ornamental and climatic roles, this study redefines Orosi windows as dynamic cultural devices that actively script human visibility, privacy, and interaction, revealing how historical design intelligence can inform sustainable, culturally responsive architectural practices.